Pharmacy study materials

 Dissolution apparatus as per IP and USP Apparatus                   IP                         USP   Apparatus 1            paddle (37°)       Basket (37°)  Apparatus 2            Basket (37°)        paddle (37°) Apparatus 3            Reciprocating    Reciprocating                                    Cylinder (37°)    Cylinder (37°) Apparatus 4            flow through       flow through                                    Cell (37°)                 cel...

 IMPORTANT PHARMACOLOGICAL TERMS: •Antagonism -The opposition between 2 or more medications ex. narcotics and Naloxone •Bolus -A single, often large dose of a drug. Often the initial dose •Cumulative action -An increased effect caused by multiple doses of the same drug. Caused by buildup in the blood. •Hypersensitivity -A reaction to a drug that is more profound than expected and which often results in an exaggerated immune response •Idiosyncrasy -A reaction to a drug that is significantly different from what is expected •Indication -The medical condition for which the drug has proven therapeutic value. •Parentral  -any route of administration other than digestive tract •Pharmacodynamics  - study the mechanism by which drugs act to produce biochemical or physiological changes in the body •Pharmacokinetics - study of how drugs enter in the body reach their site of action and are eliminated from the body 

 CHEMICAL TEST FOR ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES   1) Brontrager’s test- This test is performed for the O-glycosides. Drug is dissolved in 1ml H2SO4 and mixture is boiled. Filter the solution, filterate is then mixed with chloroform. Chloroform layer mixed with ammonia gives rose pink color if O-glycosides are present.   2) Modified brontrager’s test- This test is performed for the investigation of C-glycosides. Drug is mixed with H2SO4 and FeCl3. The next procedure is same as for the O-glycosides in brontrager’s test.   Hydroxy anthraquinones- Drug is mixed with Potassium Hydroxide. If hydroxy anthraquinones are present red color is present.

 GENERAL CHEMICAL TESTS FOR ALKALOIDS  Alkaloids are tested by the following reagents. Each reagent or test has accuracy and specificity.  i) Dragendroff’s reagent- This reagent is constituted of Potassium Bismuth Iodide (PBI). Alkaloids give reddish brown color with the dragendroff’s reagent.   ii) Mayer’s reagent- This reagent is constituted of Potassium Mercuric Iodide (PMI). Alkaloids give cream color with the Mayer’s reagent. Remember M for Mayer M for Mercuric i ii) Wagner’s reagent- This reagent is constituted of Iodine Potassium Iodide (IPI). Alkaloids give reddish brown precipitate with the Wagner’s reagent.  iv) Hager’s reagent- This reagent is constitutes of Picric Acid. Alkaloids give yellow precipitate with the Hager’s reagent. v) Tannic acid- With tannic acid alkaloids give buff colored precipitate.  vi) Picrolinic acid- Yellow colored precipitate are produced with picrolinic acid.

 ANAESTHETICS  GENERAL ANAESTHETICS 1. Etomidate- Imidazole 2. Propofo = l(diprivan) 2,6-diisobutylphenol(given in emulsion form) 3. Alphaxalolne = pregneane 4. Ketamine = Cyclohexanone 5. Thiopental = Barbitone(pyrimidine dione) LOCAL ANAESTHETICS 1. Bupivacaine,mepivacaine = Piperidine 2. Ropivacaine = Pyridine 3. Dibucaine = Quinolone(benzpyridine) 4. Dimethisoquine = Isoquinoline 5. Fomocaine,pramoxine = Morpholine 6. Euprocin = Rubane 7. Myrtecain =e Norborane 💢OPIOIDS ANALGESICS 1. Pholcodine = Morpholine 2. Racemoramide = Morpholine,pyrrolidine 3. Methadone = Diphenylacetonitrile+1-dimethy lamino-2- propylchloride 💢NSAIDS 1. Salicylic acid =(acetylation) 2. Piroxicam = Pyridine,1,2-benzothiazine 3. Phenylbutazone = Pyrazole 4. Sulfinpyrazole = Pyrazole 5. Indomethacine = Indole 6. Tolmetin = ,zomepirac pyrrole SEDATIVEHYPNOTIC/ ANXIOLYTICS 1. Flumazeni = l BDZ fused with imidazole 2. Alprazolam,triazolam = BDZ fused with triazole 3. Midazolam = BDZ fused with imidazol...

 Diagnostic Tests Brucellosis: Coombs Test (Anti Globulin Test-AGT, Agglutination/ Opsonization reaction)   Syphilis: VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Lab Test- Slide test)  Kahn Test (test-tube test), Trepenoma Immobilization Test,   Fluorescent Antibody Absorbed Serum Test Wasserman Test (Complement Fixation Test) Diphtheria: Eleck Test ( Immuno-Diffusion Technique) Schick Test (Neutralization Test)   Scarlet Fever: Dick Test (Neutralization Test),  Schultz Charlton Test AIDS: ELISA Test, Western Blot Test Typhoid (S. Typhii) And Enteric Fever: Widal Test (Agglutination) Hepatitis: Australian Antigen Test Tuberculosis: Mantoux Test, Tine Test, Heaf Test, Tuberculin Test (Hyper-sensitivity Test) The Dose of Tuberculin in Mantoux Test for an adult: 0.1 ml Mononucleosis: Paun Bunnell Test (Red Cells as Antigen) Typhus Fever: Weil Felix Test InfluenzaVirus: Radial Immuno Diffusion Small Pox: Ouchtertomy (Precipitation) Leprosy: Lepromine Test Pregnancy (HcG): ...

 ⭕ Drugs used as Diuretics with MOA ⭕ ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ Drug - Acetazolamide MOA -  Inhibition of carbonic  anhydrase in PCT Urinary Electrolytes - ↑ Na+ ↑ K+  ↑↑ HCO3 – Blood PH - Acidosis ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ Drug - Ethacrynic acid,  furosemide,  torsemide MOA - Inhibition of  Na+/K+/2Cl–   cotransporter in TAL   Urinary Electrolytes ↑↑ Na+ ↑ K+ ↑ Ca2+ ↑ Mg2+ ↑ Cl–   Blood PH - Alkalosis ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ Drug - Hydrochlorothiazide,  indapamide, chlorthalidone   MOA - Inhibition of Na+/Cl–  cotransporter in DCT Urinary Electrolytes -  ↑ Na+ ↑ K+ ↑ Cl– ↓ Ca2+   Blood PH - Alkalosis ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ Drug - Amiloride,  triamterene,spironolactone,  eplerenone   MOA - Block Na+ channels,  Block aldosterone   receptors in  Collecting tubule   Urinary Electrolytes - ↑ Na+ (small) ↓ K+   Blood PH - Acidosis ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖

  Named reactions –to be studied for gpat and niper Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis Acyloin Condensation Aldol Addition + Aldol Condensation Appel Reaction Arbuzov Reaction = Michaelis-Arbuzov Reaction Arndt-Eistert Synthesis Azo Coupling Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation Balz-Schiemann Reaction = Schiemann Reaction Bamford-Stevens Reaction Barton Decarboxylation Barton-McCombie Reaction (Barton Desoxygenation) Baylis-Hillman Reaction Beckmann Rearrangement Benzilic Acid Rearrangement Benzoin Condensation Bergman Cyclization Birch Reduction Bouveault-Blanc Reduction Buchwald-Hartwig Cross Coupling Reaction Cadiot-Chodkiewicz Coupling Cannizzaro Reaction Chugaev Reaction Claisen Condensation Claisen Rearrangement Clemmensen Reduction Cope Elimination Cope Rearrangement Corey-Seebach Reaction Criegee Reaction Curtius Rearrangement Delépine Reaction De Mayo Reaction Dess-Martin Oxidation Diazotisation and Azo Coupling Dieckmann Condensation Diels-Alder Reaction Di-ð-Methane Rearrangement Dötz Rea...

 DRUGS OF CHOICE  1. Paracetamol poisoning- acetyl cysteine  2. Acute bronchial asthma: - salbutamol  3. Acute gout: - NSAIDS  4. Acute hyperkalemia: - calcium gluconate  5. Severe DIGITALIS toxicity: - DIGIBIND  6. Acute migraine: - sumatriptan  7. Cheese reaction: - phentolamine  8. Atropine poisoning: - physostigmine  9. Cyanide poisoning: - amyl nitrite  10. Benzodiazepine poisoning: - flumazenil  11. Cholera: - tetracycline  12. KALA-AZAR:- lipozomal amphotericin- B 13. Iron poisoning: - desferrioxamine   14. MRSA: - vancomycin  15. VRSA: - LINEZOLID  16. Warfarin overdose: - vitamin-K (NIPER-2009)  17. OCD: - fluoxetine 18. Alcohol poisoning: - fomepizole  19. Epilepsy in pregnency: - Phenobarbitone 20. Anaphylactic shock: - Adrenaline  21. MRSA Infection-Vancomycin  22. Malaria in Pregnancy-Chloroquine  23. Whooping Cough or Pertussis- Erythromycin  24. Kawasaki disease-I...

What are Antacids Antacids are a class of medicines that neutralize acid in the stomach. They contain ingredients such as aluminum, calcium, or magnesium which act as bases (alkalis) to counteract the stomach acid and lower pH. They work quickly and are used to relieve symptoms of acid reflux, heartburn or indigestion (dyspepsia). Antacids are available as liquids or tablets. Some mixtures contain sodium and may not be suitable for people on a sodium restricted diet. Some products combine antacids with alginates and are used in the treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Alginates are gum-like substances that float on top of the stomach contents, forming a raft that acts like a barrier, preventing gastric acid from escaping back up the esophagus. Antacids are usually only used short-term or occasionally. Longer acting medicines that work by reducing or preventing the secretion of stomach acid over a 12 to 24-hour period may be more effective for some people.

 viral Diseases 1) Small Pox:  The disease is caused by the variola virus.  This disease affects the nervous system.  The disease is spread by contaminated drops that fly from the cough.  💢 Symptoms:  fever, blisters on 3/4 days after infection, blindness in the next stage 💢 Vaccine: Vaccine of small Pox  The body of the small pox has been offered in India since 1975.  2) Chicken Pox  The disease is caused by the virus Vericella -zoster.  The disease mainly affects children.  However, it can also affect young people.  This disease is not dangerous. 💢 Symptoms:  Fever, headache, rash on the first day of infection  💢Vaccine:  Not available.  However, once done, lifelong protection.  3) Measles  The disease is caused by Myxovirus virus.  The disease is highly contagious and mainly affects children below the age of five years and there is a high risk of secondary infection. 💢 Symptoms:  ...

 SUMMARY OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY 1:Largest Endocrine gland Thyroid 2: Number of Muscles 639 3: Number of Kidneys 2 4: Number of Milk Teeth 20 5: Number of Ribs 24 (12 pair) 6: Number of Heart Chamber 4 7: Largest artery Aorta  8: Normal blood pressure  120/80mmHg 9: Ph of Blood 7.4 10: Number of vertebrae in the Spine 33 11: Number of vertebrae in the Neck 7 12: Number of Bones in Middle Ear 6 13: Number of Bones in Face 14 14: Number of Bones in Skull 22 15: Number of Bones in Chest 25 16: Number of Bones in Arms 6 17: Number of Muscles in Human Arm 72 18: Number of Pumps in Heart 2 19: Largest Organ Skin 20: Largest gland Liver 21: Biggest cell female Ovum 22: Smallest cell male Sperm 23: Smallest Bone Stape 24: First transplanted Organ Heart  25: Average length of Small Intestine 7m 26: Average length of Large Intestine 1.5m 27: Average weight of new Born baby 2.6kg 28: Pulse rate in One Minute 72 times 29: Normal body temperature 37 C° (98.4 F°) 30: Average Blood Vol...

Prefixes - suffixes and their meaning  *1. Adeno* - Glandular  *2. An* - Not  *3. Anti* - Against  *4. Aorto* - Aorta  *5. Artho* - joint  *6. Bleph* - Eyelid  *7. Broncho* - Bronchi  *8. Cardio* - Heart  *9. Cephal* - Head  *10. Cerebro* - Brain  *11. Cervico* - Cervix  *12. Cholecysto* - Gall Bladder *13. Coli* - Bowel  *14. Colpo* - Vagina  *15. Entero* - Intestine  *16. Gastro* - Stomach  *17. Glosso* - Tongue  *18. Haema* - Blood  *19. Hepa* - Liver  *20. Hystero* - Uterus  *21. Laryngo* - Larynx  *22. Leuco* - White  *23. Metro* - Uterus  *24. Myelo* - Spinal cord  *25. Myo* - Muscle  *26. Nephro* - Kidney  *27. Neuro* - Nerve  *28. Odonto* - Tooth  *29. Orchido* - Testis  *30. Osteo* - Bone  *31. Oto* - Ear  *32. Pharyngo* - Pharynx  *33. Pio* - Pus  *34. Pneumo* - Lung  *35. Ren* - Kidney  *36. Rhin* - Nose...

 Chemical formula for some compounds  Common salt ➠ NaCl  ✶ Baking Soda ➠ NaHCO₃  ✶ wash soda ➠ Na₂CO₃ · 10H₂O  ✶ caustic soda ➠ NaOH  ✶ Suhaga ➠ Na₂B₄O₇ · 10H₂O  ✶ alum ➠ K₂SO₄ · Al₂ (SO₄) ₃ · 24H₂O  ✶ red medicine ➠ KMnO₄  ✶ caustic potash ➠ KOH  ✶ Pottasium nitrate ➠ KNO₃  ✶ bleaching powder ➠ Ca (OCl) · Cl  ✶ lime water ➠ Ca (OH) ₂  ✶ gypsum ➠ CaSO₄ · 2H₂O  ✶ plaster of paris  ➠ CaSO₄ · ½H₂O  ✶ chalk ➠ CaCO₃  ✶ limestone ➠ CaCO₃  ✶ calcium carbonate ➠ CaCO₃  ✶ saliva ➠ NH₄Cl  ✶ Laughing Gas ➠ N₂O  ✶ Lithrage ➠ PbO  ✶ Galena ➠ PbS  ✶ red vermilion ➠ Pb₃O₄  ✶ white lead ➠ 2PbCO₃ · Pb (OH) ₂  ✶ salt acid ➠ HCl  ✶ Nitric acid ➠ HNO₃  ✶Amiraj ➠HNO₃ + HCl (1: 3)  ✶ dry ice ➠ CO₂  ✶ green cassia ➠ FeSO₄ · 7H₂O  ✶ horn silver ➠ AgCl  ✶ heavy water ➠ D₂O  ✶ Producer Gas ➠ CO + N₂  ✶ Marsh Gas ➠ CH₄  ✶ vinegar ➠ CH₃COOH ...

  Important Drugs and their Therapeutic uses Acebutolol - Ventricular arrhythmias , Ventricular ectopy  Adenosine - Supraventricular tachycardia , Wolff - Parkinson - White syndrome Amiodarone - Hemodynamically unstable ventricular tachycardia , ventricular fibrillation   Bretylium - Ventricular arrhythmias after cardiac surgery , Ventricular fibrillation   Diltiazem - Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia , Atrial fibrillation   Disopyramide - Premature ventricular contractions , Atrial arrhythmias , Episodic ventricular tachycardia   Esmolol - Atrial fibrillation , Atrial flutter Flecainide - Ventricular tachycardia   Lidocaine - Postmyocardial infant arrhythmias Ventricular tachycardia   Magnesium sulphate - Sustained ventricular arrhythmias , Torsades de points associated  with magnesium depletion or glycoside toxicity   Mexiletene - Premature ventricular contractions Ventricular tachycardia Moricizine - Ventricular tac...

 important medicines in history and their Discoverers   1. Penicillin  - discovered in 1928 Alexander Fleming  2. Insulin  - discovered in 1921 Charles Best and Frederick Grant Banting 3. Aspirin  - discovered in 1899 By pharmacist of Bayer 4. Smallpox vaccine  - discovered in 1798 By Edward Jenner and Sarah Nelmes 5. Morphine Morphine was first discovered in 1804 by German pharmacist Friedrich Serturner 6. Ether  - discovered in 1842 Crawford Williamson Long  7. Chemotherapy drugs  - discovered in 1956, by Roy Hertz and Min C. Li, uncovered methotrexate 8 . HIV protease inhibitors - discovered By   1989 Hoffmann-LaRoche Inc, Abbot and Merck 9. Botox - discovered in 1978 By Alan B. Scott

Pharmacognosy – History History of pharmacognosy is actually the history of medicine that is medicinal plants. Pre-history: The first or beginning of pre-history on use of medicinal plants or herbs or animals, and the place where and how used were not well known, and those information were unwritten for a long time. As a result, the pre-history on herbs was almost lost. However, some information was recorded by oral transmission from generation to generation. Written History of Pharmacognosy: The written history has originated which was based on region, religion and culture etc. The written history was divided into the following: The western medicine The Unani (Islam) The Ayurveda (Indian) The orient The Greek History The African System The western medicine: This is originated in Mesopotamia and Egypt. Mesopotamia is considered as the first origin of human civilization. The Sumerians (people of ancient Mesopotamia) developed cuneiform tablet of herbal medicines. Those tablets are prese...

  Scope of pharmacy  The word pharmacy is derived from the word “ Pharma “. This word had first been used in the 15th-17th century. The scope of pharmacy practice includes more traditional roles such as compounding and dispensing of medications, and it also includes more modern services related to health care, including clinical services, reviewing medications for safety and efficacy, and providing drug information. Pharmacists, therefore, are the experts on drug therapy and are the primary health professionals who optimize the use of medication for the benefit of the patients. An establishment in which pharmacy  is practiced is called a pharmacy or a chemist's In the United States and Canada, drugstores commonly sell medicines, as well as miscellaneous items such as confectionery, cosmetics, office supplies, toys, hair care products and magazines and occasionally refreshments and groceries. In its investigation of herbal and chemical ingredients, the work of the apotheca...

 PHARMACY Pharmacy is a clinical health sciences that links medical science with chemistry and it is charged with the discovery, production and disposal , safe and effective use, and control of drugs. The practice of pharmacy required excellent knowledge of drugs, their machanism of action , side effects, interaction, mobility and Toxicity.  At the same times it's required knowledge treatment and understanding pathological process.  Some specialist of pharmacist, such as that of clinical pharmacist, required others skills eg. Knowledge about the acquisition and evolution of physical and laboratory data.