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Standard operating procedure for pH meter

 1). pH meters -  Objective:                      To demonstrate how to use a standard pH meter in the TRACES Centre and undergraduate laboratories. This process explains how to accurately test a solution's pH.  2. Scope: Digital pH meters in the TRACES Centre and the UG Laboratory are affected. These devices include (but are not limited to) Sartorius, Oakton, and Mettler-Toldeo.  3. Responsibility :   Designated persons in the research lab are responsible for training employees and students on this protocol and ensuring that it is followed. It is the responsibility of selected persons (Staff or Students) to adhere to the procedure's guidelines.  4. Equipment :  • pH meter, digital  • Double-junction Ag/AgCl electrode pH electrode  • ATC probe (automatic temperature control) (if available)  • Transfer utensils, pipettes, spatula or capillaries  • Clean stir bars on a stir p...
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Drugs used as Diuretics with MOA

 ⭕ Drugs used as Diuretics with MOA ⭕ ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ Drug - Acetazolamide MOA -  Inhibition of carbonic  anhydrase in PCT Urinary Electrolytes - ↑ Na+ ↑ K+  ↑↑ HCO3 – Blood PH - Acidosis ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ Drug - Ethacrynic acid,  furosemide,  torsemide MOA - Inhibition of  Na+/K+/2Cl–   cotransporter in TAL   Urinary Electrolytes ↑↑ Na+ ↑ K+ ↑ Ca2+ ↑ Mg2+ ↑ Cl–   Blood PH - Alkalosis ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ Drug - Hydrochlorothiazide,  indapamide, chlorthalidone   MOA - Inhibition of Na+/Cl–  cotransporter in DCT Urinary Electrolytes -  ↑ Na+ ↑ K+ ↑ Cl– ↓ Ca2+   Blood PH - Alkalosis ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ Drug - Amiloride,  triamterene,spironolactone,  eplerenone   MOA - Block Na+ channels,  Block aldosterone   receptors in  Collecting tubule   Urinary Electrolytes - ↑ Na+ (small) ↓ K+   Blood PH - Acidosis ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖
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Named reactions –to be studied for gpat and niper

  Named reactions –to be studied for gpat and niper Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis Acyloin Condensation Aldol Addition + Aldol Condensation Appel Reaction Arbuzov Reaction = Michaelis-Arbuzov Reaction Arndt-Eistert Synthesis Azo Coupling Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation Balz-Schiemann Reaction = Schiemann Reaction Bamford-Stevens Reaction Barton Decarboxylation Barton-McCombie Reaction (Barton Desoxygenation) Baylis-Hillman Reaction Beckmann Rearrangement Benzilic Acid Rearrangement Benzoin Condensation Bergman Cyclization Birch Reduction Bouveault-Blanc Reduction Buchwald-Hartwig Cross Coupling Reaction Cadiot-Chodkiewicz Coupling Cannizzaro Reaction Chugaev Reaction Claisen Condensation Claisen Rearrangement Clemmensen Reduction Cope Elimination Cope Rearrangement Corey-Seebach Reaction Criegee Reaction Curtius Rearrangement Delépine Reaction De Mayo Reaction Dess-Martin Oxidation Diazotisation and Azo Coupling Dieckmann Condensation Diels-Alder Reaction Di-ð-Methane Rearrangement Dötz Rea...
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DRUGS OF CHOICE

 DRUGS OF CHOICE  1. Paracetamol poisoning- acetyl cysteine  2. Acute bronchial asthma: - salbutamol  3. Acute gout: - NSAIDS  4. Acute hyperkalemia: - calcium gluconate  5. Severe DIGITALIS toxicity: - DIGIBIND  6. Acute migraine: - sumatriptan  7. Cheese reaction: - phentolamine  8. Atropine poisoning: - physostigmine  9. Cyanide poisoning: - amyl nitrite  10. Benzodiazepine poisoning: - flumazenil  11. Cholera: - tetracycline  12. KALA-AZAR:- lipozomal amphotericin- B 13. Iron poisoning: - desferrioxamine   14. MRSA: - vancomycin  15. VRSA: - LINEZOLID  16. Warfarin overdose: - vitamin-K (NIPER-2009)  17. OCD: - fluoxetine 18. Alcohol poisoning: - fomepizole  19. Epilepsy in pregnency: - Phenobarbitone 20. Anaphylactic shock: - Adrenaline  21. MRSA Infection-Vancomycin  22. Malaria in Pregnancy-Chloroquine  23. Whooping Cough or Pertussis- Erythromycin  24. Kawasaki disease-I...
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What are Antacids

What are Antacids Antacids are a class of medicines that neutralize acid in the stomach. They contain ingredients such as aluminum, calcium, or magnesium which act as bases (alkalis) to counteract the stomach acid and lower pH. They work quickly and are used to relieve symptoms of acid reflux, heartburn or indigestion (dyspepsia). Antacids are available as liquids or tablets. Some mixtures contain sodium and may not be suitable for people on a sodium restricted diet. Some products combine antacids with alginates and are used in the treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Alginates are gum-like substances that float on top of the stomach contents, forming a raft that acts like a barrier, preventing gastric acid from escaping back up the esophagus. Antacids are usually only used short-term or occasionally. Longer acting medicines that work by reducing or preventing the secretion of stomach acid over a 12 to 24-hour period may be more effective for some people.
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viral Disease, symptoms, vaccine

 viral Diseases 1) Small Pox:  The disease is caused by the variola virus.  This disease affects the nervous system.  The disease is spread by contaminated drops that fly from the cough.  💢 Symptoms:  fever, blisters on 3/4 days after infection, blindness in the next stage 💢 Vaccine: Vaccine of small Pox  The body of the small pox has been offered in India since 1975.  2) Chicken Pox  The disease is caused by the virus Vericella -zoster.  The disease mainly affects children.  However, it can also affect young people.  This disease is not dangerous. 💢 Symptoms:  Fever, headache, rash on the first day of infection  💢Vaccine:  Not available.  However, once done, lifelong protection.  3) Measles  The disease is caused by Myxovirus virus.  The disease is highly contagious and mainly affects children below the age of five years and there is a high risk of secondary infection. 💢 Symptoms:  ...
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SUMMARY OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

 SUMMARY OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY 1:Largest Endocrine gland Thyroid 2: Number of Muscles 639 3: Number of Kidneys 2 4: Number of Milk Teeth 20 5: Number of Ribs 24 (12 pair) 6: Number of Heart Chamber 4 7: Largest artery Aorta  8: Normal blood pressure  120/80mmHg 9: Ph of Blood 7.4 10: Number of vertebrae in the Spine 33 11: Number of vertebrae in the Neck 7 12: Number of Bones in Middle Ear 6 13: Number of Bones in Face 14 14: Number of Bones in Skull 22 15: Number of Bones in Chest 25 16: Number of Bones in Arms 6 17: Number of Muscles in Human Arm 72 18: Number of Pumps in Heart 2 19: Largest Organ Skin 20: Largest gland Liver 21: Biggest cell female Ovum 22: Smallest cell male Sperm 23: Smallest Bone Stape 24: First transplanted Organ Heart  25: Average length of Small Intestine 7m 26: Average length of Large Intestine 1.5m 27: Average weight of new Born baby 2.6kg 28: Pulse rate in One Minute 72 times 29: Normal body temperature 37 C° (98.4 F°) 30: Average Blood Vol...
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Prefixes-suffixes used in medical terminology and it's meaning

Prefixes - suffixes and their meaning  *1. Adeno* - Glandular  *2. An* - Not  *3. Anti* - Against  *4. Aorto* - Aorta  *5. Artho* - joint  *6. Bleph* - Eyelid  *7. Broncho* - Bronchi  *8. Cardio* - Heart  *9. Cephal* - Head  *10. Cerebro* - Brain  *11. Cervico* - Cervix  *12. Cholecysto* - Gall Bladder *13. Coli* - Bowel  *14. Colpo* - Vagina  *15. Entero* - Intestine  *16. Gastro* - Stomach  *17. Glosso* - Tongue  *18. Haema* - Blood  *19. Hepa* - Liver  *20. Hystero* - Uterus  *21. Laryngo* - Larynx  *22. Leuco* - White  *23. Metro* - Uterus  *24. Myelo* - Spinal cord  *25. Myo* - Muscle  *26. Nephro* - Kidney  *27. Neuro* - Nerve  *28. Odonto* - Tooth  *29. Orchido* - Testis  *30. Osteo* - Bone  *31. Oto* - Ear  *32. Pharyngo* - Pharynx  *33. Pio* - Pus  *34. Pneumo* - Lung  *35. Ren* - Kidney  *36. Rhin* - Nose...
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