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Standard operating procedure for pH meter

 1). pH meters -  Objective:                      To demonstrate how to use a standard pH meter in the TRACES Centre and undergraduate laboratories. This process explains how to accurately test a solution's pH.  2. Scope: Digital pH meters in the TRACES Centre and the UG Laboratory are affected. These devices include (but are not limited to) Sartorius, Oakton, and Mettler-Toldeo.  3. Responsibility :   Designated persons in the research lab are responsible for training employees and students on this protocol and ensuring that it is followed. It is the responsibility of selected persons (Staff or Students) to adhere to the procedure's guidelines.  4. Equipment :  • pH meter, digital  • Double-junction Ag/AgCl electrode pH electrode  • ATC probe (automatic temperature control) (if available)  • Transfer utensils, pipettes, spatula or capillaries  • Clean stir bars on a stir p...
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Dissolution apparatus

 Dissolution apparatus as per IP and USP Apparatus                   IP                         USP   Apparatus 1            paddle (37°)       Basket (37°)  Apparatus 2            Basket (37°)        paddle (37°) Apparatus 3            Reciprocating    Reciprocating                                    Cylinder (37°)    Cylinder (37°) Apparatus 4            flow through       flow through                                    Cell (37°)                 cel...
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IMPORTANT PHARMACOLOGICAL TERMS

 IMPORTANT PHARMACOLOGICAL TERMS: •Antagonism -The opposition between 2 or more medications ex. narcotics and Naloxone •Bolus -A single, often large dose of a drug. Often the initial dose •Cumulative action -An increased effect caused by multiple doses of the same drug. Caused by buildup in the blood. •Hypersensitivity -A reaction to a drug that is more profound than expected and which often results in an exaggerated immune response •Idiosyncrasy -A reaction to a drug that is significantly different from what is expected •Indication -The medical condition for which the drug has proven therapeutic value. •Parentral  -any route of administration other than digestive tract •Pharmacodynamics  - study the mechanism by which drugs act to produce biochemical or physiological changes in the body •Pharmacokinetics - study of how drugs enter in the body reach their site of action and are eliminated from the body 
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CHEMICAL TEST FOR ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES

 CHEMICAL TEST FOR ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES   1) Brontrager’s test- This test is performed for the O-glycosides. Drug is dissolved in 1ml H2SO4 and mixture is boiled. Filter the solution, filterate is then mixed with chloroform. Chloroform layer mixed with ammonia gives rose pink color if O-glycosides are present.   2) Modified brontrager’s test- This test is performed for the investigation of C-glycosides. Drug is mixed with H2SO4 and FeCl3. The next procedure is same as for the O-glycosides in brontrager’s test.   Hydroxy anthraquinones- Drug is mixed with Potassium Hydroxide. If hydroxy anthraquinones are present red color is present.
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GENERAL CHEMICAL TESTS FOR ALKALOIDS:

 GENERAL CHEMICAL TESTS FOR ALKALOIDS  Alkaloids are tested by the following reagents. Each reagent or test has accuracy and specificity.  i) Dragendroff’s reagent- This reagent is constituted of Potassium Bismuth Iodide (PBI). Alkaloids give reddish brown color with the dragendroff’s reagent.   ii) Mayer’s reagent- This reagent is constituted of Potassium Mercuric Iodide (PMI). Alkaloids give cream color with the Mayer’s reagent. Remember M for Mayer M for Mercuric i ii) Wagner’s reagent- This reagent is constituted of Iodine Potassium Iodide (IPI). Alkaloids give reddish brown precipitate with the Wagner’s reagent.  iv) Hager’s reagent- This reagent is constitutes of Picric Acid. Alkaloids give yellow precipitate with the Hager’s reagent. v) Tannic acid- With tannic acid alkaloids give buff colored precipitate.  vi) Picrolinic acid- Yellow colored precipitate are produced with picrolinic acid.
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ANAESTHETICS

 ANAESTHETICS  GENERAL ANAESTHETICS 1. Etomidate- Imidazole 2. Propofo = l(diprivan) 2,6-diisobutylphenol(given in emulsion form) 3. Alphaxalolne = pregneane 4. Ketamine = Cyclohexanone 5. Thiopental = Barbitone(pyrimidine dione) LOCAL ANAESTHETICS 1. Bupivacaine,mepivacaine = Piperidine 2. Ropivacaine = Pyridine 3. Dibucaine = Quinolone(benzpyridine) 4. Dimethisoquine = Isoquinoline 5. Fomocaine,pramoxine = Morpholine 6. Euprocin = Rubane 7. Myrtecain =e Norborane đź’˘OPIOIDS ANALGESICS 1. Pholcodine = Morpholine 2. Racemoramide = Morpholine,pyrrolidine 3. Methadone = Diphenylacetonitrile+1-dimethy lamino-2- propylchloride đź’˘NSAIDS 1. Salicylic acid =(acetylation) 2. Piroxicam = Pyridine,1,2-benzothiazine 3. Phenylbutazone = Pyrazole 4. Sulfinpyrazole = Pyrazole 5. Indomethacine = Indole 6. Tolmetin = ,zomepirac pyrrole SEDATIVEHYPNOTIC/ ANXIOLYTICS 1. Flumazeni = l BDZ fused with imidazole 2. Alprazolam,triazolam = BDZ fused with triazole 3. Midazolam = BDZ fused with imidazol...
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Diagnostic Tests

 Diagnostic Tests Brucellosis: Coombs Test (Anti Globulin Test-AGT, Agglutination/ Opsonization reaction)   Syphilis: VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Lab Test- Slide test)  Kahn Test (test-tube test), Trepenoma Immobilization Test,   Fluorescent Antibody Absorbed Serum Test Wasserman Test (Complement Fixation Test) Diphtheria: Eleck Test ( Immuno-Diffusion Technique) Schick Test (Neutralization Test)   Scarlet Fever: Dick Test (Neutralization Test),  Schultz Charlton Test AIDS: ELISA Test, Western Blot Test Typhoid (S. Typhii) And Enteric Fever: Widal Test (Agglutination) Hepatitis: Australian Antigen Test Tuberculosis: Mantoux Test, Tine Test, Heaf Test, Tuberculin Test (Hyper-sensitivity Test) The Dose of Tuberculin in Mantoux Test for an adult: 0.1 ml Mononucleosis: Paun Bunnell Test (Red Cells as Antigen) Typhus Fever: Weil Felix Test InfluenzaVirus: Radial Immuno Diffusion Small Pox: Ouchtertomy (Precipitation) Leprosy: Lepromine Test Pregnancy (HcG): ...
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